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EMACS(1) General Commands Manual EMACS(1)

NAME

emacs - GNU project Emacs

SYNOPSIS

emacs [ command-line switches ] [ files ... ]

DESCRIPTION

GNU Emacs is a version of Emacs, written by the author of the original (PDP-10) Emacs, Richard Stallman.
The primary documentation of GNU Emacs is in the GNU Emacs Manual, which you can read using Info, either from Emacs or as a standalone program. Please look there for complete and up-to-date documentation. This man page is updated only when someone volunteers to do so; the Emacs maintainers' priority goal is to minimize the amount of time this man page takes away from other more useful projects.
The user functionality of GNU Emacs encompasses everything other Emacs editors do, and it is easily extensible since its editing commands are written in Lisp.

Emacs has an extensive interactive help facility, but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate Emacs windows and buffers. CTRL-h or F1 enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) starts an interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamentals of Emacs in a few minutes. Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c) describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f) describes a given Lisp function specified by name.

Emacs's Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is easy to recover from editing mistakes.

GNU Emacs's many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail), outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells within Emacs windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), automated psychotherapy (Doctor), and much more.

There is an extensive reference manual, but users of other Emacses should have little trouble adapting even without a copy. Users new to Emacs will be able to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and using the self-documentation features.

Emacs Options

The following options are of general interest:

Edit file.
The same as specifying file directly as an argument.
+number
Go to the line specified by number (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and the number). This applies only to the next file specified.
+line:column
Go to the specified line and column.
Do not load an init file.
Do not load the site-wide startup file.
Do not load a saved desktop.
Do not use shared memory.
Equivalent to "-q --no-site-file --no-splash".
Do not display a splash screen during start-up.
Enable Emacs Lisp debugger during the processing of the user init file ~/.emacs. This is useful for debugging problems in the init file.
Load user's init file.
Use specified file as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout. This must be the first argument specified in the command line.
Enable multibyte mode (enabled by default).
Enable unibyte mode.
Display Emacs version information and exit.
Display this help and exit.

The following options are lisp-oriented (these options are processed in the order encountered):

Execute the lisp function function.
Load the lisp code in the file file.
Evaluate the Lisp expression expr.

The following options are useful when running Emacs as a batch editor:

Edit in batch mode. The editor will send messages to stderr. This option must be the first in the argument list. You must use -l and -f options to specify files to execute and functions to call.
Run file as an Emacs Lisp script.
Insert contents of file into the current buffer.
Exit Emacs while in batch mode.
Add dir to the list of directories Emacs searches for Lisp files.

Using Emacs with X

Emacs has been tailored to work well with the X window system. If you run Emacs from under X windows, it will create its own X window to display in. You will probably want to start the editor as a background process so that you can continue using your original window.

Emacs can be started with the following X switches:

Specify the name which should be assigned to the initial Emacs window. This controls looking up X resources as well as the window title.
Specify the title for the initial X window.
Display the Emacs window in reverse video.
Set the Emacs window's font to that specified by font. You will find the various X fonts in the /usr/lib/X11/fonts directory. Note that Emacs will only accept fixed width fonts. Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed width font. Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form widthxheight are generally fixed width, as is the font fixed. See xlsfonts(1) for more information.

When you specify a font, be sure to put a space between the switch and the font name.

Set additional X resources.
Override color mode for character terminals; mode defaults to `auto', and can also be `never', `auto', `always', or a mode name like `ansi8'.
Set the Emacs window's border width to the number of pixels specified by pixels. Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window.
Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified by pixels. Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window.
Set the Emacs window's width, height, and position as specified. The geometry specification is in the standard X format; see X(7) for more information. The width and height are specified in characters; the default is 80 by 24. See the Emacs manual, section "Options for Window Size and Position", for information on how window sizes interact with selecting or deselecting the tool bar and menu bar.
Additional space to put between lines.
Enable vertical scrollbars.
Make the first frame as high as the screen.
Make the first frame fullscreen.
Make the first frame as wide as the screen.
On color displays, set the color of the text.

Use the command M-x list-colors-display for a list of valid color names.

On color displays, set the color of the window's background.
On color displays, set the color of the window's border.
On color displays, set the color of the window's text cursor.
On color displays, set the color of the window's mouse cursor.
Create the Emacs window on the display specified by displayname. Must be the first option specified in the command line.
Do not use picture of gnu for Emacs icon.
Start Emacs in iconified state.
Disable blinking cursor.
Tell Emacs not to use its special interface to X. If you use this switch when invoking Emacs from an xterm(1) window, display is done in that window.
This option disables many display features; use it for debugging Emacs.

You can set X default values for your Emacs windows in your .Xresources file (see xrdb(1)). Use the following format:

emacs.keyword:value

where value specifies the default value of keyword. Emacs lets you set default values for the following keywords:

For color displays, sets the window's background color.
If bitmapIcon's value is set to on, the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink."
For color displays, sets the color of the window's border.
Sets the window's border width in pixels.
For color displays, sets the color of the window's text cursor.
Specifies whether to make the cursor blink. The default is on. Use off or false to turn cursor blinking off.
Sets the window's text font.
For color displays, sets the window's text color.
The desired fullscreen size. The value can be one of fullboth, fullwidth, or fullheight, which correspond to the command-line options `-fs', `-fw', and `-fh', respectively. Note that this applies to the initial frame only.
Sets the geometry of the Emacs window (as described above).
Sets the icon name for the Emacs window icon.
Sets the window's internal border width in pixels.
Additional space ("leading") between lines, in pixels.
Gives frames menu bars if on; don't have menu bars if off. See the Emacs manual, sections "Lucid Resources" and "LessTif Resources", for how to control the appearance of the menu bar if you have one.
If none, don't make a minibuffer in this frame. It will use a separate minibuffer frame instead.
Font name for menu pane titles, in non-toolkit versions of Emacs.
For color displays, sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.
If on, use a private color map, in the case where the "default visual" of class PseudoColor and Emacs is using it.
If reverseVideo's value is set to on, the window will be displayed in reverse video.
Gamma correction for colors, equivalent to the frame parameter `screen-gamma'.
The scroll bar width in pixels, equivalent to the frame parameter `scroll-bar-width'.
Font name for pop-up menu items, in non-toolkit versions of Emacs. (For toolkit versions, see the Emacs manual, sections "Lucid Resources" and "LessTif Resources".)
Number of milliseconds to wait for a selection reply. A value of 0 means wait as long as necessary.
Run Emacs in synchronous mode if on. Synchronous mode is useful for debugging X problems.
Sets the title of the Emacs window.
Number of lines to reserve for the tool bar.
Turns off use of X input methods (XIM) if false or off.
Gives frames scroll bars if on; suppresses scroll bars if off.
Specify the "visual" that X should use. This tells X how to handle colors. The value should start with one of TrueColor, PseudoColor, DirectColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, and StaticGray, followed by -depth, where depth is the number of color planes.

If you try to set color values while using a black and white display, the window's characteristics will default as follows: the foreground color will be set to black, the background color will be set to white, the border color will be set to grey, and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black.

Using the Mouse

The following lists some of the mouse button bindings for the Emacs window under X11.

MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION
left Set point.
middle Paste text.
right Cut text into X cut buffer.
SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer.
SHIFT-right Paste text.
CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it.
CTRL-right Select this window, then split it into two windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 2.
CTRL-SHIFT-left X buffer menu — hold the buttons and keys down, wait for menu to appear, select buffer, and release. Move mouse out of menu and release to cancel.
CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu — pop up index card menu for Emacs help.
CTRL-SHIFT-right Select window with mouse, and delete all other windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 1.

MANUALS

You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual from the Free Software Foundation, which develops GNU software. See the file ORDERS for ordering information.
Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. As with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. The TeX source to the manual is also included in the Emacs source distribution.

FILES

/usr/local/share/info — files for the Info documentation browser. The complete text of the Emacs reference manual is included in a convenient tree structured form. Also includes the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, useful to anyone wishing to write programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language.

/usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/lisp — Lisp source files and compiled files that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded; others are autoloaded from this directory when used.

/usr/local/libexec/emacs/$VERSION/$ARCH — various programs that are used with GNU Emacs.

/usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc — various files of information.

/usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* — contains the documentation strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of Emacs proper.

/usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education, troubleshooting, porting and customization.

BUGS

There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org, for reporting Emacs bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try to be sure that it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a deliberate feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of the Emacs you are running in every bug report that you send in. Bugs tend actually to be fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report them in such a way that they can be easily reproduced.

Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible. For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for a list of people who offer it.

Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list. For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the file /usr/local/share/emacs/$VERSION/etc/MAILINGLISTS.

UNRESTRICTIONS

Emacs is free; anyone may redistribute copies of Emacs to anyone under the terms stated in the Emacs General Public License, a copy of which accompanies each copy of Emacs and which also appears in the reference manual.

Copies of Emacs may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems, but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution is permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions to redistribution of Emacs.

Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend Emacs, and urges that you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Unix. Everyone will be free to use, copy, study and change the GNU system.

SEE ALSO

emacsclient(1), etags(1), X(7), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1)

AUTHORS

Emacs was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features.

COPYING

Copyright (C) 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.

2007 April 13 GNU Emacs 23.1