Usage¶

If you are unsure about whether you should use /dev/random or /dev/urandom, then probably you want to use the latter. As a general rule, /dev/urandom should be used for everything except long-lived GPG/SSL/SSH keys.

If a seed file is saved across reboots as recommended above (all major Linux distributions have done this since 2000 at least), the output is cryptographically secure against attackers without local root access as soon as it is reloaded in the boot sequence, and perfectly adequate for network encryption session keys. Since reads from /dev/random may block, users will usually want to open it in non-blocking mode (or perform a read with timeout), and provide some sort of user notification if the desired entropy is not immediately available.

The kernel random-number generator is designed to produce a small amount of high-quality seed material to seed a cryptographic pseudo-random number generator (CPRNG). It is designed for security, not speed, and is poorly suited to generating large amounts of random data. Users should be very economical in the amount of seed material that they read from /dev/urandom (and /dev/random); unnecessarily reading large quantities of data from this device will have a negative impact on other users of the device.

The amount of seed material required to generate a cryptographic key equals the effective key size of the key. For example, a 3072-bit RSA or Diffie-Hellman private key has an effective key size of 128 bits (it requires about 2^128 operations to break) so a key generator only needs 128 bits (16 bytes) of seed material from /dev/random.

While some safety margin above that minimum is reasonable, as a guard against flaws in the CPRNG algorithm, no cryptographic primitive available today can hope to promise more than 256 bits of security, so if any program reads more than 256 bits (32 bytes) from the kernel random pool per invocation, or per reasonable re-seed interval (not less than one minute), that should be taken as a sign that its cryptography is not skilfully implemented.

Configuration¶

If your system does not have /dev/random and /dev/urandom created already, they can be created with the following commands:

    mknod -m 644 /dev/random c 1 8


    mknod -m 644 /dev/urandom c 1 9


    chown root:root /dev/random /dev/urandom

When a Linux system starts up without much operator interaction, the entropy pool may be in a fairly predictable state. This reduces the actual amount of noise in the entropy pool below the estimate. In order to counteract this effect, it helps to carry entropy pool information across shut-downs and start-ups. To do this, add the following lines to an appropriate script which is run during the Linux system start-up sequence:

    echo "Initializing random number generator..."


    random_seed=/var/run/random-seed


    # Carry a random seed from start-up to start-up


    # Load and then save the whole entropy pool


    if [ -f $random_seed ]; then


        cat $random_seed >/dev/urandom


    else


        touch $random_seed


    fi


    chmod 600 $random_seed


    poolfile=/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize


    [ -r $poolfile ] && bytes=`cat $poolfile` || bytes=512


    dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes

Also, add the following lines in an appropriate script which is run during the Linux system shutdown:

    # Carry a random seed from shut-down to start-up


    # Save the whole entropy pool


    echo "Saving random seed..."


    random_seed=/var/run/random-seed


    touch $random_seed


    chmod 600 $random_seed


    poolfile=/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize


    [ -r $poolfile ] && bytes=`cat $poolfile` || bytes=512


    dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes

/proc Interface¶

The files in the directory /proc/sys/kernel/random (present since 2.3.16) provide an additional interface to the /dev/random device.

The read-only file entropy_avail gives the available entropy. Normally, this will be 4096 (bits), a full entropy pool.

The file poolsize gives the size of the entropy pool. The semantics of this file vary across kernel versions:

The file read_wakeup_threshold contains the number of bits of entropy required for waking up processes that sleep waiting for entropy from /dev/random. The default is 64. The file write_wakeup_threshold contains the number of bits of entropy below which we wake up processes that do a select(2) or poll(2) for write access to /dev/random. These values can be changed by writing to the files.

The read-only files uuid and boot_id contain random strings like 6fd5a44b-35f4-4ad4-a9b9-6b9be13e1fe9. The former is generated afresh for each read, the latter was generated once.