名前¶

virt-sysprep - 仮想マシンをクローンできるよう、再設定、設定解除またはカスタマイズします

書式¶

 virt-sysprep [--options] -d domname
 virt-sysprep [--options] -a disk.img [-a disk.img ...]

説明¶

Virt-sysprep can reset or unconfigure a virtual machine so that clones can be made from it. Steps in this process include removing SSH host keys, removing persistent network MAC configuration, and removing user accounts. Virt-sysprep can also customize a virtual machine, for instance by adding SSH keys, users or logos. Each step can be enabled or disabled as required.

Virt-sysprep modifies the guest or disk image in place. The guest must be shut down. If you want to preserve the existing contents of the guest, you must snapshot, copy or clone the disk first. See "COPYING AND CLONING" below.

You do not need to run virt-sysprep as root. In fact we'd generally recommend that you don't. The time you might want to run it as root is when you need root in order to access the disk image, but even in this case it would be better to change the permissions on the disk image to be writable as the non-root user running virt-sysprep.

"Sysprep" stands for "system preparation" tool. The name comes from the Microsoft program sysprep.exe which is used to unconfigure Windows machines in preparation for cloning them. Having said that, virt-sysprep does not currently work on Microsoft Windows guests. We plan to support Windows sysprepping in a future version, and we already have code to do it.

オプション¶

--help

簡単なヘルプを表示します。

-a file

--add file

仮想マシンからディスクイメージの file を追加します。

ディスクイメージの形式は自動的に検出されます。強制的に特定の形式を使用するには --format オプションを使用します。

-a URI

--add URI

Add a remote disk. The URI format is compatible with guestfish. See "ADDING REMOTE STORAGE" in guestfish(1).

--colors

--colours

Use ANSI colour sequences to colourize messages. This is the default when the output is a tty. If the output of the program is redirected to a file, ANSI colour sequences are disabled unless you use this option.

-c URI

--connect URI

libvirt を使用していると、指定された URI に接続します。 省略すると、デフォルトの libvirt ハイパーバイザーに接続します。

ゲストのブロックデバイスを直接指定していると（(-a)）、libvirt は何も使用されません。

-d guest

--domain guest

名前付きの libvirt 仮想マシンからすべてのディスクを追加します。 名前の代わりに仮想マシンの UUID を使用できます。

-n

--dry-run

Perform a read-only "dry run" on the guest. This runs the sysprep operation, but throws away any changes to the disk at the end.

--enable operations

Choose which sysprep operations to perform. Give a comma-separated list of operations, for example:

 --enable ssh-hostkeys,udev-persistent-net
    

would enable ONLY "ssh-hostkeys" and "udev-persistent-net" operations.

If the --enable option is not given, then we default to trying most sysprep operations (see --list-operations to show which are enabled).

Regardless of the --enable option, sysprep operations are skipped for some guest types.

特定のバージョンの virt-sysprep によりサポートされる操作の一覧を表示するには --list-operations を使用します。

See "OPERATIONS" below for a list and an explanation of each operation.

--operation operations

--operations operations

Choose which sysprep operations to perform. Give a comma-separated list of operations, for example:

 --operations ssh-hostkeys,udev-persistent-net
    

would enable ONLY "ssh-hostkeys" and "udev-persistent-net" operations.

--operations allows you to enable and disable any operation, including the default ones (which would be tried when specifying neither --operations nor --enable) and all the available ones; prepending a "-" in front of an operation name removes it from the list of enabled operations, while the meta-names "defaults" and "all" represent respectively the operations enabled by default and all the available ones. For example:

 --operations firewall-rules,defaults,-tmp-files
    

would enable the "firewall-rules" operation (regardless whether it is enabled by default), all the default ones, and disable the "tmp-files" operation.

--operations can be specified multiple times; the first time the set of enabled operations is empty, while any further --operations affects the operations enabled so far.

If the --operations option is not given, then we default to trying most sysprep operations (see --list-operations to show which are enabled).

Regardless of the --operations option, sysprep operations are skipped for some guest types.

特定のバージョンの virt-sysprep によりサポートされる操作の一覧を表示するには --list-operations を使用します。

See "OPERATIONS" below for a list and an explanation of each operation.

--echo-keys

When prompting for keys and passphrases, virt-sysprep normally turns echoing off so you cannot see what you are typing. If you are not worried about Tempest attacks and there is no one else in the room you can specify this flag to see what you are typing.

--format raw|qcow2|..

--format auto

The default for the -a option is to auto-detect the format of the disk image. Using this forces the disk format for -a options which follow on the command line. Using --format auto switches back to auto-detection for subsequent -a options.

例:

 virt-sysprep --format raw -a disk.img
    

forces raw format (no auto-detection) for disk.img.

 virt-sysprep --format raw -a disk.img --format auto -a another.img
    

forces raw format (no auto-detection) for disk.img and reverts to auto-detection for another.img.

仮想マシンのディスクイメージが信頼できない raw 形式である場合、 ディスク形式を指定するためにこのオプションを使用すべきです。 これにより、悪意のある仮想マシンにより起こり得る セキュリティ問題を回避できます (CVE-2010-3851)。

--key SELECTOR

Specify a key for LUKS, to automatically open a LUKS device when using the inspection. "SELECTOR" can be in one of the following formats:

--keys-from-stdin

Read key or passphrase parameters from stdin. The default is to try to read passphrases from the user by opening /dev/tty.

--list-operations

virt-sysprep プログラムによりサポートされる操作を一覧表示します。

These are listed one per line, with one or more single-space-separated fields, eg:

 $ virt-sysprep --list-operations
 bash-history * Remove the bash history in the guest
 cron-spool * Remove user at-jobs and cron-jobs
 dhcp-client-state * Remove DHCP client leases
 dhcp-server-state * Remove DHCP server leases
 [etc]
    

The first field is the operation name, which can be supplied to --enable. The second field is a "*" character if the operation is enabled by default or blank if not. Subsequent fields on the same line are the description of the operation.

Before libguestfs 1.17.33 only the first (operation name) field was shown and all operations were enabled by default.

--mount-options mp:opts[;mp:opts;...]

Set the mount options used when libguestfs opens the disk image. Note this has no effect on the guest. It is used when opening certain guests such as ones using the UFS (BSD) filesystem.

Use a semicolon-separated list of "mountpoint:options" pairs. You may need to quote this list to protect it from the shell.

例:

 --mount-options "/:noatime"
    

これはルートディレクトリを "notime" でマウントします。 この例:

 --mount-options "/:noatime;/var:rw,nodiratime"
    

will do the same, plus mount /var with "rw,nodiratime".

-q

--quiet

Don’t print log messages.

To enable detailed logging of individual file operations, use -x.

--network

--no-network

Enable or disable network access from the guest during the installation.

In virt-sysprep, the network is disabled by default. You must use --network to enable it, in order that options such as --install or --update will work.

virt-builder(1) has more information about the security advantages of disabling the network.

-v

--verbose

デバッグ用の冗長なメッセージを有効にします。

-V

--version

バージョン番号を表示して、終了します。

-x

libguestfs API 呼び出しのトレースを有効にします。

--append-line FILE:LINE (see "customize" below)

Append a single line of text to the "FILE". If the file does not already end with a newline, then one is added before the appended line. Also a newline is added to the end of the "LINE" string automatically.

For example (assuming ordinary shell quoting) this command:

 --append-line '/etc/hosts:10.0.0.1 foo'
    

will add either "10.0.0.1 foo⏎" or "⏎10.0.0.1 foo⏎" to the file, the latter only if the existing file does not already end with a newline.

"⏎" represents a newline character, which is guessed by looking at the existing content of the file, so this command does the right thing for files using Unix or Windows line endings. It also works for empty or non-existent files.

To insert several lines, use the same option several times:

 --append-line '/etc/hosts:10.0.0.1 foo'
 --append-line '/etc/hosts:10.0.0.2 bar'
    

To insert a blank line before the appended line, do:

 --append-line '/etc/hosts:'
 --append-line '/etc/hosts:10.0.0.1 foo'
    

--chmod PERMISSIONS:FILE (see "customize" below)

Change the permissions of "FILE" to "PERMISSIONS".

Note: "PERMISSIONS" by default would be decimal, unless you prefix it with 0 to get octal, ie. use 0700 not 700.

--commands-from-file FILENAME (see "customize" below)

Read the customize commands from a file, one (and its arguments) each line.

Each line contains a single customization command and its arguments, for example:

 delete /some/file
 install some-package
 password some-user:password:its-new-password
    

Empty lines are ignored, and lines starting with "#" are comments and are ignored as well. Furthermore, arguments can be spread across multiple lines, by adding a "\" (continuation character) at the of a line, for example

 edit /some/file:\
   s/^OPT=.*/OPT=ok/
    

The commands are handled in the same order as they are in the file, as if they were specified as --delete /some/file on the command line.

--copy SOURCE:DEST (see "customize" below)

Copy files or directories recursively inside the guest.

Wildcards cannot be used.

--copy-in LOCALPATH:REMOTEDIR (see "customize" below)

Copy local files or directories recursively into the disk image, placing them in the directory "REMOTEDIR" (which must exist).

Wildcards cannot be used.

--delete PATH (see "customize" below)

Delete a file from the guest. Or delete a directory (and all its contents, recursively).

You can use shell glob characters in the specified path. Be careful to escape glob characters from the host shell, if that is required. For example:

 virt-customize --delete '/var/log/*.log'.
    

See also: --upload, --scrub.

--edit FILE:EXPR (see "customize" below)

Edit "FILE" using the Perl expression "EXPR".

表現がシェルにより変更されるのを防ぐために、適切に引用符でくくるよう注意してください。

このオプションは Perl 5 がインストールされているときのみ利用可能であることに注意してください。

See "NON-INTERACTIVE EDITING" in virt-edit(1).

--firstboot SCRIPT (see "customize" below)

Install "SCRIPT" inside the guest, so that when the guest first boots up, the script runs (as root, late in the boot process).

The script is automatically chmod +x after installation in the guest.

The alternative version --firstboot-command is the same, but it conveniently wraps the command up in a single line script for you.

You can have multiple --firstboot options. They run in the same order that they appear on the command line.

Please take a look at "FIRST BOOT SCRIPTS" in virt-builder(1) for more information and caveats about the first boot scripts.

See also --run.

--firstboot-command 'CMD+ARGS' (see "customize" below)

Run command (and arguments) inside the guest when the guest first boots up (as root, late in the boot process).

You can have multiple --firstboot options. They run in the same order that they appear on the command line.

Please take a look at "FIRST BOOT SCRIPTS" in virt-builder(1) for more information and caveats about the first boot scripts.

See also --run.

--firstboot-install PKG,PKG.. (see "customize" below)

Install the named packages (a comma-separated list). These are installed when the guest first boots using the guest’s package manager (eg. apt, yum, etc.) and the guest’s network connection.

For an overview on the different ways to install packages, see "INSTALLING PACKAGES" in virt-builder(1).

--hostname HOSTNAME (see "customize" below)

Set the hostname of the guest to "HOSTNAME". You can use a dotted hostname.domainname (FQDN) if you want.

--install PKG,PKG.. (see "customize" below)

Install the named packages (a comma-separated list). These are installed during the image build using the guest’s package manager (eg. apt, yum, etc.) and the host’s network connection.

For an overview on the different ways to install packages, see "INSTALLING PACKAGES" in virt-builder(1).

See also --update, --uninstall.

--keep-user-accounts USERS (see "user-account" below)

The user accounts to be kept in the guest. The value of this option is a list of user names separated by comma, where specifying an user means it is going to be kept. For example:

 --keep-user-accounts mary
    

would keep the user account "mary".

This option can be specified multiple times.

--link TARGET:LINK[:LINK..] (see "customize" below)

Create symbolic link(s) in the guest, starting at "LINK" and pointing at "TARGET".

--mkdir DIR (see "customize" below)

Create a directory in the guest.

This uses "mkdir -p" so any intermediate directories are created, and it also works if the directory already exists.

--move SOURCE:DEST (see "customize" below)

Move files or directories inside the guest.

Wildcards cannot be used.

--no-logfile (see "customize" below)

Scrub "builder.log" (log file from build commands) from the image after building is complete. If you don't want to reveal precisely how the image was built, use this option.

See also: "LOG FILE".

--password USER:SELECTOR (see "customize" below)

Set the password for "USER". (Note this option does not create the user account).

See "USERS AND PASSWORDS" in virt-builder(1) for the format of the "SELECTOR" field, and also how to set up user accounts.

--password-crypto md5|sha256|sha512 (see "customize" below)

When the virt tools change or set a password in the guest, this option sets the password encryption of that password to "md5", "sha256" or "sha512".

"sha256" and "sha512" require glibc ≥ 2.7 (check crypt(3) inside the guest).

"md5" will work with relatively old Linux guests (eg. RHEL 3), but is not secure against modern attacks.

The default is "sha512" unless libguestfs detects an old guest that didn't have support for SHA-512, in which case it will use "md5". You can override libguestfs by specifying this option.

Note this does not change the default password encryption used by the guest when you create new user accounts inside the guest. If you want to do that, then you should use the --edit option to modify "/etc/sysconfig/authconfig" (Fedora, RHEL) or "/etc/pam.d/common-password" (Debian, Ubuntu).

--remove-user-accounts USERS (see "user-account" below)

The user accounts to be removed from the guest. The value of this option is a list of user names separated by comma, where specifying an user means it is going to be removed. For example:

 --remove-user-accounts bob,eve
    

would only remove the user accounts "bob" and "eve".

This option can be specified multiple times.

--root-password SELECTOR (see "customize" below)

Set the root password.

See "USERS AND PASSWORDS" in virt-builder(1) for the format of the "SELECTOR" field, and also how to set up user accounts.

Note: In virt-builder, if you don't set --root-password then the guest is given a random root password.

--run SCRIPT (see "customize" below)

Run the shell script (or any program) called "SCRIPT" on the disk image. The script runs virtualized inside a small appliance, chrooted into the guest filesystem.

The script is automatically chmod +x.

If libguestfs supports it then a limited network connection is available but it only allows outgoing network connections. You can also attach data disks (eg. ISO files) as another way to provide data (eg. software packages) to the script without needing a network connection (--attach). You can also upload data files (--upload).

You can have multiple --run options. They run in the same order that they appear on the command line.

See also: --firstboot, --attach, --upload.

--run-command 'CMD+ARGS' (see "customize" below)

Run the command and arguments on the disk image. The command runs virtualized inside a small appliance, chrooted into the guest filesystem.

If libguestfs supports it then a limited network connection is available but it only allows outgoing network connections. You can also attach data disks (eg. ISO files) as another way to provide data (eg. software packages) to the script without needing a network connection (--attach). You can also upload data files (--upload).

You can have multiple --run-command options. They run in the same order that they appear on the command line.

See also: --firstboot, --attach, --upload.

--script SCRIPT (see "script" below)

Run the named "SCRIPT" (a shell script or program) against the guest. The script can be any program on the host. The script’s current directory will be the guest’s root directory.

Note: If the script is not on the $PATH, then you must give the full absolute path to the script.

--scriptdir SCRIPTDIR (see "script" below)

The mount point (an empty directory on the host) used when the "script" operation is enabled and one or more scripts are specified using --script parameter(s).

Note: "SCRIPTDIR" must be an absolute path.

If --scriptdir is not specified then a temporary mountpoint will be created.

--scrub FILE (see "customize" below)

Scrub a file from the guest. This is like --delete except that:

--selinux-relabel (see "customize" below)

Relabel files in the guest so that they have the correct SELinux label.

This will attempt to relabel files immediately, but if the operation fails this will instead touch /.autorelabel on the image to schedule a relabel operation for the next time the image boots.

You should only use this option for guests which support SELinux.

--sm-attach SELECTOR (see "customize" below)

Attach to a pool using "subscription-manager".

See "SUBSCRIPTION-MANAGER" in virt-builder(1) for the format of the "SELECTOR" field.

--sm-credentials SELECTOR (see "customize" below)

Set the credentials for "subscription-manager".

See "SUBSCRIPTION-MANAGER" in virt-builder(1) for the format of the "SELECTOR" field.

--sm-register (see "customize" below)

Register the guest using "subscription-manager".

This requires credentials being set using --sm-credentials.

--sm-remove (see "customize" below)

Remove all the subscriptions from the guest using "subscription-manager".

--sm-unregister (see "customize" below)

Unregister the guest using "subscription-manager".

--ssh-inject USER[:SELECTOR] (see "customize" below)

Inject an ssh key so the given "USER" will be able to log in over ssh without supplying a password. The "USER" must exist already in the guest.

See "SSH KEYS" in virt-builder(1) for the format of the "SELECTOR" field.

You can have multiple --ssh-inject options, for different users and also for more keys for each user.

--timezone TIMEZONE (see "customize" below)

Set the default timezone of the guest to "TIMEZONE". Use a location string like "Europe/London"

--touch FILE (see "customize" below)

This command performs a touch(1)-like operation on "FILE".

--truncate FILE (see "customize" below)

This command truncates "FILE" to a zero-length file. The file must exist already.

--truncate-recursive PATH (see "customize" below)

This command recursively truncates all files under "PATH" to zero-length.

--uninstall PKG,PKG.. (see "customize" below)

Uninstall the named packages (a comma-separated list). These are removed during the image build using the guest’s package manager (eg. apt, yum, etc.). Dependent packages may also need to be uninstalled to satisfy the request.

See also --install, --update.

--update (see "customize" below)

Do the equivalent of "yum update", "apt-get upgrade", or whatever command is required to update the packages already installed in the template to their latest versions.

See also --install, --uninstall.

--upload FILE:DEST (see "customize" below)

Upload local file "FILE" to destination "DEST" in the disk image. File owner and permissions from the original are preserved, so you should set them to what you want them to be in the disk image.

"DEST" could be the final filename. This can be used to rename the file on upload.

If "DEST" is a directory name (which must already exist in the guest) then the file is uploaded into that directory, and it keeps the same name as on the local filesystem.

See also: --mkdir, --delete, --scrub.

--write FILE:CONTENT (see "customize" below)

Write "CONTENT" to "FILE".

OPERATIONS¶

If the --enable/--operations option is not given, then most sysprep operations are enabled.

Use "virt-sysprep --list-operations" to list all operations for your virt-sysprep binary. The ones which are enabled by default are marked with a "*" character. Regardless of the --enable/--operations options, sysprep operations are skipped for some guest types.

Operations can be individually enabled using the --enable/--operations options. Use a comma-separated list, for example:

 virt-sysprep --operations ssh-hostkeys,udev-persistent-net [etc..]

Future versions of virt-sysprep may add more operations. If you are using virt-sysprep and want predictable behaviour, specify only the operations that you want to have enabled.

"*" = enabled by default when no --enable/--operations option is given.

 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
 @    WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED!     @
 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
 IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!

コピー方法およびクローン方法¶

virt-sysprep は仮想マシンをクローンするプロセスの一部として使用できます。もしくは、クローンされた仮想マシンからテンプレートを準備するために使用できます。仮想化ツールを使用してこれを実現する他の方法がいろいろとあります。このセクションは単に概要を説明します。

仮想マシン（停止状態の場合）は 2 つの部分からなります:

configuration

仮想マシンの設定または説明。 例: libvirt XML ("virsh dumpxml" 参照) 、仮想マシンの実行中の設定、または OVF のような他の外部形式。

いくつかの設定項目は変更する必要があるかもしれません:

ブロックデバイス

One or more hard disk images, themselves containing files, directories, applications, kernels, configuration, etc.

Some things inside the block devices that might need to be changed:

                        virt-sysprep
                             |
                             v
 元のゲスト --------> テンプレート ---------->
                                      \------> クローン
                                       \-----> 済みゲスト
                                        \---->

               dd                      dd
 元のゲスト --------> テンプレート ---------->
                                      \------> クローン
                                       \-----> 済みゲスト
                                        \---->

                          snapshot
            テンプレート ---------->
                            \------> クローン
                             \-----> 済みゲスト
                              \---->

                    virt-sysprep        virt-sysprep
                     (リセット)   (ユーザー、キー、ロゴの追加)
                         |                   |
                 dd      v          dd       v
 元の仮想マシン ----> テンプレート ----> コピー済み ------> カスタム
                                        テンプレート       仮想マシン

          virt-sparsify
 元のゲスト --------> テンプレート

                         virt-resize
            テンプレート ---------->
                            \------> クローン
                             \-----> 済みゲスト
                              \---->

FIRSTBOOT VS SCRIPT¶

The two options --firstboot and --script both supply shell scripts that are run against the guest. However these two options are significantly different.

--firstboot script uploads the file "script" into the guest and arranges that it will run, in the guest, when the guest is next booted. (The script will only run once, at the "first boot").

--script script runs the shell "script" on the host, with its current directory inside the guest filesystem.

If you needed, for example, to "yum install" new packages, then you must not use --script for this, since that would (a) run the "yum" command on the host and (b) wouldn't have access to the same resources (repositories, keys, etc.) as the guest. Any command that needs to run on the guest must be run via --firstboot.

On the other hand if you need to make adjustments to the guest filesystem (eg. copying in files), then --script is ideal since (a) it has access to the host filesystem and (b) you will get immediate feedback on errors.

Either or both options can be used multiple times on the command line.

セキュリティ¶

Although virt-sysprep removes some sensitive information from the guest, it does not pretend to remove all of it. You should examine the "OPERATIONS" above and the guest afterwards.

Sensitive files are simply removed. The data they contained may still exist on the disk, easily recovered with a hex editor or undelete tool. The --scrub option can be used to scrub files instead of just deleting them. virt-sparsify(1) is another way to remove this content. See also the scrub(1) command to get rid of deleted content in directory entries and inodes.

 cp template.img newguest.img
 virt-sysprep --enable customize -a newguest.img

SELinux¶

For guests which make use of SELinux, special handling for them might be needed when using operations which create new files or alter existing ones.

For further details, see "SELINUX" in virt-builder(1).

WINDOWS 8¶

Windows 8 "fast startup" can prevent virt-sysprep from working. See "WINDOWS HIBERNATION AND WINDOWS 8 FAST STARTUP" in guestfs(3).

終了ステータス¶

このプログラムは、成功すると 0 を返します。または、エラーが起きると 1 を返します。

環境変数¶

"VIRT_TOOLS_DATA_DIR"

This can point to the directory containing data files used for Windows firstboot installation.

Normally you do not need to set this. If not set, a compiled-in default will be used (something like /usr/share/virt-tools).

This directory may contain the following files:

他の環境変数は "環境変数" in guestfs(3) を参照してください。

関連項目¶

guestfs(3), guestfish(1), virt-builder(1), virt-clone(1), virt-customize(1), virt-rescue(1), virt-resize(1), virt-sparsify(1), virsh(1), lvcreate(8), qemu-img(1), scrub(1), http://libguestfs.org/, http://libvirt.org/.

著者¶

Richard W.M. Jones http://people.redhat.com/~rjones/

Wanlong Gao, Fujitsu Ltd.

COPYRIGHT¶

Copyright (C) 2011-2019 Red Hat Inc.

Copyright (C) 2012 Fujitsu Ltd.

LICENSE¶

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

BUGS¶

To get a list of bugs against libguestfs, use this link: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/buglist.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools

To report a new bug against libguestfs, use this link: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/enter_bug.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools

When reporting a bug, please supply:

• The version of libguestfs.
• Where you got libguestfs (eg. which Linux distro, compiled from source, etc)
• Describe the bug accurately and give a way to reproduce it.
• Run libguestfs-test-tool(1) and paste the complete, unedited output into the bug report.