PROLOG¶

This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.

NAME¶

jobs — display status of jobs in the current session

SYNOPSIS¶

jobs [-l|-p] [job_id...]

DESCRIPTION¶

The jobs utility shall display the status of jobs that were started in the current shell environment; see Section 2.12, Shell Execution Environment.

When jobs reports the termination status of a job, the shell shall remove its process ID from the list of those ``known in the current shell execution environment''; see Section 2.9.3.1, Examples.

OPTIONS¶

The jobs utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.

The following options shall be supported:

-l

(The letter ell.) Provide more information about each job listed. This information shall include the job number, current job, process group ID, state, and the command that formed the job.

-p

Display only the process IDs for the process group leaders of the selected jobs.

By default, the jobs utility shall display the status of all stopped jobs, running background jobs and all jobs whose status has changed and have not been reported by the shell.

OPERANDS¶

The following operand shall be supported:

job_id

Specifies the jobs for which the status is to be displayed. If no job_id is given, the status information for all jobs shall be displayed. The format of job_id is described in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 3.204, Job Control Job ID.

STDIN¶

Not used.

INPUT FILES¶

None.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES¶

The following environment variables shall affect the execution of jobs:

LANG

Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)

LC_ALL

If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.

LC_CTYPE

Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).

LC_MESSAGES

Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error and informative messages written to standard output.

NLSPATH

Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS¶

Default.

STDOUT¶

If the -p option is specified, the output shall consist of one line for each process ID:

"%d\n", <process ID>

Otherwise, if the -l option is not specified, the output shall be a series of lines of the form:

"[%d] %c %s %s\n", <job-number>, <current>, <state>, <command>

where the fields shall be as follows:

<current>

The character '+' identifies the job that would be used as a default for the fg or bg utilities; this job can also be specified using the job_id %+ or "%%". The character '-' identifies the job that would become the default if the current default job were to exit; this job can also be specified using the job_id %-. For other jobs, this field is a <space>. At most one job can be identified with '+' and at most one job can be identified with '-'. If there is any suspended job, then the current job shall be a suspended job. If there are at least two suspended jobs, then the previous job also shall be a suspended job.

<job-number>

A number that can be used to identify the process group to the wait, fg, bg, and kill utilities. Using these utilities, the job can be identified by prefixing the job number with '%'.

<state>

One of the following strings (in the POSIX locale):

<command>

The associated command that was given to the shell.

If the -l option is specified, a field containing the process group ID shall be inserted before the <state> field. Also, more processes in a process group may be output on separate lines, using only the process ID and <command> fields.

STDERR¶

The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES¶

None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION¶

None.

EXIT STATUS¶

The following exit values shall be returned:

 0

Successful completion.

>0

An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS¶

Default.

The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE¶

The -p option is the only portable way to find out the process group of a job because different implementations have different strategies for defining the process group of the job. Usage such as $(jobs -p) provides a way of referring to the process group of the job in an implementation-independent way.

The jobs utility does not work as expected when it is operating in its own utility execution environment because that environment has no applicable jobs to manipulate. See the APPLICATION USAGE section for bg. For this reason, jobs is generally implemented as a shell regular built-in.

EXAMPLES¶

None.

RATIONALE¶

Both "%%" and "%+" are used to refer to the current job. Both forms are of equal validity—the "%%" mirroring "$$" and "%+" mirroring the output of jobs. Both forms reflect historical practice of the KornShell and the C shell with job control.

The job control features provided by bg, fg, and jobs are based on the KornShell. The standard developers examined the characteristics of the C shell versions of these utilities and found that differences exist. Despite widespread use of the C shell, the KornShell versions were selected for this volume of POSIX.1‐2017 to maintain a degree of uniformity with the rest of the KornShell features selected (such as the very popular command line editing features).

The jobs utility is not dependent on the job control option, as are the seemingly related bg and fg utilities because jobs is useful for examining background jobs, regardless of the condition of job control. When the user has invoked a set +m command and job control has been turned off, jobs can still be used to examine the background jobs associated with that current session. Similarly, kill can then be used to kill background jobs with kill %<background job number>.

The output for terminated jobs is left unspecified to accommodate various historical systems. The following formats have been witnessed:

1.

Killed(signal name)

2.

signal name

3.

signal name(coredump)

4.

signal description- core dumped

Most users should be able to understand these formats, although it means that applications have trouble parsing them.

The calculation of job IDs was not described since this would suggest an implementation, which may impose unnecessary restrictions.

In an early proposal, a -n option was included to ``Display the status of jobs that have changed, exited, or stopped since the last status report''. It was removed because the shell always writes any changed status of jobs before each prompt.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS¶

None.

SEE ALSO¶

Section 2.12, Shell Execution Environment, bg, fg, kill, wait

The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 3.204, Job Control Job ID, Chapter 8, Environment Variables, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines

COPYRIGHT¶

Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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